1. Given a flashlight, a tennis ball, and a screen, draw a diagram to show how a shadow can be formed.

2. A student seeking to determine the volume of an irregular body of mass 4 kg used a graduated cylinder in an experiment. Fig. 2 illustrates two key stages of the experiment where A indicates a setup before the irregular body was immersed and B indicates the same setup after the irregular body was immersed. Determine the density of the irregular body.



3. State two precautions that must be taken to obtain reliable results.

State three safety precautions to prevent accidents during the use of liquefied petroleum gas in the home.

Explain briefly the scientific principle underlying each of the following waste management practices:

1. Composting;

2. Recycling;

3. Incineration.

The digestive system of two domestic animals was provided. One is that of a goat and the other is that of a rabbit. Outline three features that would help to differentiate between the two digestive systems.

1. You have been given maize, cowpea, cassava, and cabbage to cultivate on a piece of land using a crop rotation system. Design a 4-year rotational program using the given crops.

2. Give two reasons for the sequence given in (a)(i).

1. A student is suspected of having contracted COVID-19.

   1. Give three symptoms that the student may exhibit to confirm this suspicion.

   2. Suggest two ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the school.

   3. Give two reasons why COVID-19 was declared a pandemic.

1. The mass of a vehicle is 1000 kg and it travels at 100 m/s. If the vehicle accelerates to 150 m/s in 10 s, calculate the:

   1. acceleration of the vehicle;

   2. force that acts on the vehicle;

   3. final momentum when the vehicle comes to a stop.

A student who went to bed immediately after eating complained of stomach upset the next morning. A doctor prescribed a liver salt, whose major composition is NaHCO₃ as the medication. Using a balanced chemical equation, explain how the liver salt would relieve the student from this discomfort.

Fig. 4 is an illustration of a body of mass 20 kg placed on top of a wall of height 10 m. Calculate the energy of the body.

1. Define the term light emitting diode (LED).

2. Mention two devices that use LED in their operation.

A student was tasked to prepare a raised nursery bed for nursing tomato seeds:

1. Suggest two simple tools that could be used in the nursery bed preparation;

2. State one function each of the tools listed in (d)(i).

1. State three observable features of an animal cell.

2. State two functions of a nerve cell.

Fig. 5 is an electrical circuit diagram. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

1. Calculate the effective resistance in the circuit when it is closed;

2. Calculate the current that will flow through the circuit when it is closed.

1. Differentiate between an organic fertilizer and an inorganic fertilizer.

2. Outline briefly the steps involved in preparing raised beds.

1. State one function each of the following components of blood:

   1. red blood cells;

   2. white blood cells;

   3. blood plasma.

2. Explain briefly the impact of each of the following organisms on humans:

   1. housefly;

   2. grasshopper.

Describe briefly the formation of an ammonia molecule after an interaction between 1H and 7N atoms.

State three ways by which the atmosphere in an industrial area is polluted.

1. Write the word equation for each of the following reactions between:

   α) calcium and oxygen

   β) nitrogen and hydrogen

2. State the hazard that could be prevented when each of the following protective materials are used in the laboratory:

   α) gas mask

   β) goggles

1. If a cuboid of weight 100 N has sides 5 cm by 10 cm, calculate the:

   α) Area of the cuboid;

   β) Pressure exerted by the cuboid when it lies on its side.

1. Explain the term mixed farming.

2. State two advantages of mixed farming.